Solution :
From the context provided in the question, we can conclude that :
1. The study shows that there is a major redistribution of the wealth from a lead earning United States's households to the bottom half of the United States's household as it shows the top earners in the US pay more taxes that are distributed among the poor.
2. It will be a normative economic statement if someone says that it is not fair if the wealthy rich people are not paying more taxes. It makes a value judgement.
3. There are statistical studies hat are performed and then we say these findings are based on the positive economics.