Final answer:
Maximal heart rate is commonly estimated by subtracting an individual's age from 220 bpm. For instance, a 40-year-old's estimated maximal heart rate would be 180 bpm, and a 60-year-old's would be 160 bpm. However, actual maximal heart rates can vary due to individual differences and other factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The calculation of maximal heart rate (HR) involves subtracting an individual's age from a predetermined maximum value. A widely accepted formula is to subtract the person's age from 220 beats per minute (bpm), which is considered an average maximum HR value. Therefore, a 40-year-old individual would have an estimated maximal HR of 180 bpm (220 - 40 = 180), and a 60-year-old would have an estimated maximal HR of 160 bpm (220 - 60 = 160). This formula is a tool for assessing cardiovascular fitness and for designing age-appropriate exercise programs.
It's important to note that while the 220-minus-age formula is commonly used, heart rates can vary widely from person to person, and other factors like fitness level, medications, and overall health can influence one's actual maximal HR. Therefore, this method provides an estimate rather than an exact figure.