Final answer:
Under Peter the Great, Russia became a powerful state through modernization efforts, expansion of territory, and strategic military campaigns. Despite challenges in economic development, Russia's influence grew significantly in Europe and Asia.
Step-by-step explanation:
Russia emerged as a powerful state under Peter the Great through extensive efforts to modernize and expand its territory. Peter the Great embarked on an 18-month visit to Europe in disguise, learning shipbuilding and administrative techniques that he would later use to reform the Russian state. His reign saw the acquisition of new territories, such as lands on the Baltic and Black seas, and advancement into Central Asia, increasing Russia's power and influence.
Despite its vast territories and resources, Russia faced the challenge of economic development in the face of an autocratic government. Both Peter and subsequent rulers like Catherine the Great recognized the need to westernize Russia to keep up with European powers. However, by the 1800s, efforts to modernize were often at odds with maintaining absolute rule, leaving Russia economically underdeveloped compared to its European counterparts.