Final answer:
The central theme of 'The Puzzle of Altruism' is the debate on whether true altruism exists versus selfish motivations behind moral actions. It discusses the influence of genetic factors, such as the selfish gene, and psychological aspects like empathy and reciprocity on altruistic behavior, with the consensus being that human behavior includes both self-interest and altruistic elements.
Step-by-step explanation:
The central idea of the text 'The Puzzle of Altruism' centers around the complex interplay between altruism and self-interest, particularly in the realm of ethical theory. The debate questions whether truly altruistic acts exist or if self-interest motivates all actions, even those that appear selfless. This discourse extends into the field of evolutionary biology, where theories like the selfish gene propose that actions benefiting others, especially kin, are ultimately strategies to enhance one's genetic lineage.
Moral philosophers and researchers alike explore whether acts of kindness stem from genuine concern for others’ welfare or from intrinsic rewards, like feeling good about oneself or expecting reciprocation. Instances of reciprocal altruism, such as grooming behaviors observed in monkey species, challenge the notion that altruism is devoid of self-benefit. Additionally, the text touches upon the idea that humans possess an inherent capacity for empathy, which can incite altruistic behavior.
Despite the ongoing debate, it is evident that human nature entails a spectrum of behaviors, from the self-serving to the self-sacrificing, often interconnected and influenced by various factors including genetic predispositions, social dynamics, and psychological motivations.