Answer:
d. All of the Above.
Step-by-step explanation:
A production goal may be set too high by upper management because they have no idea about the actual cost of the production and they are unable in calculating it exactly, which could be due to many factors. They might have under-estimated the difficulty of meeting the desired goals. Division managers might have over-stated the difficulty of meeting the required goals, consequently, all of these reasons become the main logic behind setting the goals too high by the upper management. In order to avoid this situation, top level managers should have the real-time data about the project so they can set the targets and goals realistically.