Answer:
letter of patent
seal of rank
Step-by-step explanation:
- The concept of a tributary state was of great importance in East Asia, where the Chinese emperor considered himself the master of the entire civilized world.
- The purchase of goods brought by foreign merchants was interpreted as paying a tribute, or acknowledging his authority and selling Chinese goods to a foreign country. markets interpreted as sales.
- This circumvented the Confucian ban on trade.