The Scientific Revolution (17th century) changed and challenged current beliefs of the time by establishing what we know today as the scientific method and a scientific view of the world. That is, it established the meaning and importance of science that we use and believe until today with slight changes.
This revolution showed that the world can be understood and that laws of nature can be discovered through the scientific method. It established the scientific practice of observation, empirical experiment, and theorization of laws.
It was during this revolution that human agency to understand the world became more important than a Christian view of the world as something revealed by sacred texts.