Answer:4) biological preparedness
Explanation:Biological preparedness refers to how we are biologically prepared to easily make associations between certain stimuli and responses. It is easy for us to make certain associations because we are predisposed to do so while we find it hard to make other associations due to the fact that we haven't been biologically predisposed to do so.
For example we have been biologically prepared to have fear of snakes because we are wired to fear things that are threatening to our survival , this is the fact created by biological preparedness.
The other example is taste aversion, when you eat a meal and get ill you are likely to associate that illness to the food you ate , not to the surrounding environment, our biological preparedness causes us to associate getting ill after eating a meal to that meal we ate. We never in a second assume it could be the people who were around us. This is because we have been predisposed to associate illness and tastes , psychologists and scientists suggest that this may be caused by evolution and the traits we inherited from that . This association is our a survival mechanism in which people who avoided the food that got them sick were able to survive and reproduce, so it is our survival instinct. Same as the fear of snakes which is our survival instinct.