Large amounts of damage and thousands of deaths may occur when in close proximity to an erupting volcano. For example, the eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia emitted massive shockwaves across the surrounding ocean, drowning around 36,000 innocent people and submerging island villages in water. For land-based eruptions, mudslides, lava flows, large-scale erosion and flooding are also common effects. Also in Indonesia, the eruption of Tambora in 1815 catalyzed global climate changes, and killed 12,000. The ash that billows from the volcano can block sunlight, ruining crops and causing ice ages that could last years. Even the United States was effected by these climate changes; large snowstorms hit New England in late June--1816 was dubbed the year of no summer as a result.