Question

A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to "flit from one thing to another.". She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.

Required:
a. Discuss the role genetics plays in the development of bipolar 2 disorders.
b. Explain how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system may be associated with bipolar type 2 disease.
c. Discuss the role inflammatory cytokines play in the development and exacerbation of bipolar type 2 symptoms

Answer 1

Following are the responses to the given points:

Step-by-step explanation:

For point a:

In the management of bipolar type 2 disorder, its genetics play an important role. Bipolar may evolve genetically engineering or to be inherited. Bipolar type 2 diseases are believed to be impossible to be caused by a genetic mutation, however, the development is related to numerous gene mutations. All those genetic changes render no commitment to the growth of bipolar disease by other factors such as intense lifestyle habits and rest. Prevalence of bipolar may be transmitted through bipolar type 2, although genetic factors things practically 60-80 percent.

For point b:

Hypothalamus-pituitary impairment and stress impairment have an important role in the development of mental mania. The etiology of term thinking and mood disorders of bipolar disorder plays a significant part. hypercortisolism Such symptoms arise caused by elevated Cortisol causing neuro-cytotoxicity. Manic episodes of mental mania have followed elevated levels of ACTH or cortisol in the head due to HPA axis dysfunction. All such high ACTH and Cortisol levels cause brain defects and vital influence in bipolar hypertension.

For point c:

Its elevated oxidative stress style is concerned with Type 2 bipolar. The peripheral rates of pro-inflammatory cytokines are markedly increased in bipolar Type 2 disorder. Its increase in pro-inflammatory during depressive symptoms is aggravated. Its cytokines cause immediate proteins like haptoglobin and C reactive proteins to be generated. Those same acute proteins are associated with bipolar disorders together with an increase in plasma supplement rates.

Through activating the HPA-axis, macrophages will raise the ACTH and Cortisol levels, exacerbating the bipolar of type 2. These cytokines also interact with the neurotransmitter synthesis including serotonin and dopamine that control functions of the mood, cognition, and psychomotor. Dopamine and SEROTONIN synthesis can exacerbate the effects of bipolar Type 2 syndrome.