Final answer:
1 gram of gold would have the lowest heat capacity because metals have lower specific heats compared to water or ice, and specific heat is an intensive property that does not change with mass.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine which substance has the lowest heat capacity, we need to understand both specific heat and heat capacity. Specific heat is an intensive property that refers to the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. Heat capacity, on the other hand, is an extensive property that depends on the amount of substance and its specific heat.
Given the values from various sources, we know that the specific heat of water is notably high at 4.184 J/g°C, while solids like ice have a specific heat of about half of that, and metals like iron and gold have even lower specific heats. The specific heat of gold, for instance, tends to be much lower than that of water or ice. Considering the lower specific heat of metals and the fact that specific heat is an intensive property that does not depend on mass, 1 g of gold would have the lowest heat capacity among the options presented, even when compared to larger masses of other materials.