Antarctica's distinctiveness lies in its lack of permanent residence, extreme climate, and international commitment to scientific cooperation, setting it apart from other continents.
The correct answer is option C. "It has no permanent residence."
Antarctica is unique among the continents primarily due to its extreme environmental conditions and lack of permanent human habitation.
Unlike other continents, Antarctica has no indigenous human population and no countries claim sovereignty over the entire continent. The Antarctic Treaty System, established in 1959, designates Antarctica as a scientific preserve, emphasizing international cooperation in research while prohibiting military activity. Consequently, there are no permanent settlements or residential areas on the continent.
The harsh climate also sets Antarctica apart. While option A highlights the extreme cold during winter, it is the overall frigid conditions that make Antarctica distinctive. The continent experiences some of the coldest temperatures on Earth, with vast ice sheets and glaciers covering its surface (option B). Furthermore, Antarctica is home to unique wildlife, including penguins (option D), adapted to survive in this hostile environment.
In summary, the absence of permanent human habitation, extreme environmental conditions, and the international commitment to scientific cooperation underpin Antarctica's uniqueness among the continents.