During the Post-Classical period, China was influenced by outside civilizations in various ways. Here are some examples:
1. **Silk Road Trade:** The Silk Road, which connected China to the Middle East and Europe, facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. Chinese silk, paper, and other products were highly sought after, and in return, China imported goods like spices, precious metals, and religious ideas.
2. **Buddhism:** Buddhism, originally from India, had a profound impact on China during this period. It was introduced during the Han Dynasty and became a major religious and philosophical influence. Chinese Buddhism evolved with distinct features, such as Zen Buddhism.
3. **Islamic Influence:** The Silk Road also brought Islam to China. Arab traders and scholars played a role in transmitting knowledge and technology, including astronomy and medicine. The Great Mosque of Xi'an is an example of Islamic architecture in China.
4. **Mongol Rule:** During the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), China was ruled by the Mongols under Kublai Khan. This foreign rule brought Mongol customs and administration to China.
5. **Printing Technology:** The Chinese invention of woodblock printing was influential in spreading knowledge and texts. This technology eventually reached Europe through trade routes and contributed to the European Renaissance.
6. **Confucian Examinations:** China was influenced by Confucianism, but during the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a revival of Confucian values, partly influenced by the study of Confucian classics brought from Korea and Vietnam.
7. **Gunpowder:** While gunpowder was originally developed in China, it had a global impact during this period. It was transmitted to the Islamic world and Europe, leading to the development of firearms and changing the nature of warfare.
8. **Mongol Postal System:** The Mongol postal system, known as the Yam, was adapted by the Chinese and became an effective means of communication and administration.