Edge effects are the physical and biological changes that occur at the boundary between two or more distinct ecosystems. Here are some of the examples of edge effects:One of the examples of edge effects would be the physical impact that human activity may have on the forest edge, such as land clearing for agriculture, urbanization, logging, and firewood collection.Another example would be the influence of abiotic factors, such as soil moisture, light, and temperature, that may differ at the edge from the adjacent habitat, leading to a change in species composition and richness.Edge effects may also alter the intensity and outcome of ecological interactions, such as predation, competition, and mutualism, since the edge-dwelling species may experience different pressure and opportunities than those in the interior of the habitat.To sum up, edge effects are caused by changes in the biotic and abiotic factors at the interface of two or more habitats and can affect the structure and function of both adjacent ecosystems.