the structural deficit d. increases during recessions.
What is structural deficit?
A structural deficit is a fiscal shortfall that arises from an underlying mismatch between a government's long-term spending and revenue streams. A cyclical deficit, which results from variations in economic growth, is not the same as a structural deficit.
During recessions, the structural deficit rises automatically as a stabilizing mechanism. Any policy-independent technique or activity that helps to lessen economic fluctuations is referred to as an automated stabilizer. Unemployment benefits are one example of an automatic stabilizer. This is due to the fact that during a recession, unemployment benefits are automatically increased, which boosts consumer spending.