AHD (Australian Height Datum) and AVWS (Australian Vertical Working Surface) are both used to measure vertical heights in Australia. AHD is an established geodetic datum used since 1971, providing a consistent reference point for elevations above mean sea level (MSL). AVWS is a newer concept that considers gravitational variations for more accurate height measurements. AVWS improves upon AHD by accounting for factors such as density variations in the Earth's crust. Converting between AHD and AVWS requires proper adjustment factors.