1. The three major functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output.
2. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
3. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
4. The afferent and efferent divisions transmit information from sensory receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to effectors, respectively.
5. The somatic nervous system allows voluntary control over skeletal muscles.
6. The autonomic nervous system allows involuntary control over smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands.
7. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
8. The sympathetic division prepares the body for stress and emergency situations by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, while decreasing digestive and urinary functions.
9. The parasympathetic division conserves energy and promotes "rest and digest" activities, such as decreasing heart rate and stimulating digestion.
10. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is caused by the breakdown of myelin sheath around neurons, leading to nervous system dysfunction.
11. Types of neurons include sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons.
12. Neuroglial cells are non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
13. The axon transmits signals away from the cell body, while dendrites receive signals and carry them towards the cell body. The myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission, while Schwann cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
14. The different parts of a neuron include the cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminal, myelin sheath, and nodes of Ranvier.
15. The steps of nerve cell conduction include resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. Resting potential is -70mV. When a threshold is reached, depolarization occurs when Na+ channels open and the membrane potential becomes more positive. Repolarization occurs when K+ channels open and the membrane potential becomes negative again before returning to resting potential. Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane becomes more negative than resting potential before returning to resting potential.
16. The resting potential of a neuron is -70mV.
17. The ions required for neural transmission include sodium, potassium, and calcium.
18. Sodium and calcium influx depolarize the membrane, while potassium efflux repolarizes the membrane.
19. The sodium-potassium ATP pump works by transporting 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the concentration gradients for ions. It accomplishes active transport.
20. The neurotransmitters required at each synapse differ, but for example, acetylcholine is required in the somatic nervous system at the neuromuscular junction, while norepinephrine is required in the sympathetic nervous system.
21. Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
22. The 4 lobes of the cerebrum are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, which are responsible for motor control, sensation, hearing, and vision, respectively.
23. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, which relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus, which controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. The pineal gland secretes melatonin and regulates circadian rhythm. The brain stem includes the pons and medulla oblongata, which regulate vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.
24. Meninges are layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and support.
25. Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear and colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and spaces within the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and exchange of nutrients and wastes.