Answer:
B
Step-by-step explanation:
Chapter 16 Alternate Assessment
Fill these out with definitions of the listed terms and answers to the questions.
16.1 LYMPHATIC PATHWAYS
Trace the lymphatic pathways from lymphatic capillaries to subclavian veins.
Lymphatic Capillaries
Describe several characteristics of lymphatic capillaries.
Which part of the body do not have these capillaries?
Where are lacteals found?
Lymphatic Vessels (LV)
How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?
Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts
What is the function of lymphatic ducts?
What parts of the body are drained by the right lymnphatic duct and the thoracic duct?
Where does the lymphatic system drain into the cardiovascular system?
16.2 TISSUE FLUID AND LYMPH
Tissue Fluid Formation
Briefly describe the characteristics of tissue fluid.
What are the four steps of lymph formation?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Lymph Flow
What two external factors influence lymph flow?
Obstruction of lymph movement
What is edema?
Lymph Function
What are the primary functions of lymph?
16.3 LYMPHATIC TISSUES AND LYMPHATIC ORGANS
Lymph Nodes
Briefly describe lymph nodes.
What types of cells are found in germinal centers and medullary cords?
Describe the flow of lymph though the lymph node.
What are the functuions of lymph nodes?
What areas have high concentrations of lymph nodes?
Thymus
Briefly describe the structure of the thymus.
Describe the function of the thymus.
Spleen
Briefly describe the structure of the spleen
What is the composition of white and red pulp respecivly?
Describe the function of the spleen.
16.4 BODY DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION (IMMUNITY)
Briefly describe what causes an infection.
What organisms can portntially act as pathogens?
What are the two catagorries of resistance to pathogens?
INNATE (NONSPECIFIC) DEFENSES
Briefly describe innate defenses.
How do the following contribute to innate defenses.
Species Resistance:
Mechanical barriers:
Inflammation:
Chemical Barriers
Describe the function of the following chemical barriers in immune response.
Enzymes
Acid
Salt
Defensins
Collectins
Complement
Interferons
Phagocytosis:
Briefly describe phagocytosis.
Which cells are the most active in phagocytosis?
Where are phagocytes found most commonly in the body?
Fever
What chemical is responsible for the increase in body temperature seen in fever?
How does a fever potentially make the immune response more effective?
ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) DEFENSES OR IMMUNITY
Briefly describe adaptive defenses.
How do antigens function in adaptive defenses.
What is the importance of self vs non-self?
Where do lymphocytes originate?
Where do B cells mature? T cells?
Lymphocyte Function
What is an antigen-presenting cell?
How does it function in the immune system?
What is the MHC and why is it important?
T cells and the Cellular Immune Response (Cell Mediated Immunity):
What are the functions of cytokines in the immune system?
Generally describe the following types of T cells:
Helper T cells:
Memory T cells:
Cytotoxic T cells:
Natural Killer Cells:
B cells and the Humoral Immune Response (Antibody mediated immunity, AMI):
Briefly describe the function of B cells.
How are B cells activated.
Briefly describe the structure of antibodies.
Briefly describe the function of anibodies.
Describe the five major types of immunoglobulins are
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE.
Describe the following antibody actions.
Attack antigens directly:
Activate complement:
Stimulate local tissue changes:
Immune Responses (IR): See Fig 16.21, page 638.
Briefly describe a primary immune response.
Briefly describe a seconmday immune response.
Describe the different practical classifications of Immunity
naturally acquired active immunity:
artificially acquired active immunity:
artificially acquired passive immunity:
naturally acquired passive immunity:
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Describe hypersenesitivity reactions.
Describe the types of hypersensitivity reactions.
Type I:
Type II:
Type III:
Type IV :
Transplantation and Tissue Rejection
Describe the following types of grafts.
Isografts:
Autografts:
Allografts:
Xenografts:
What factors can lead to tissue rejection during transplants?
In an automimmuse disorder, what occurs to result in the symptoms that are experienced?