Answer:
2. It grants them any and all of the powers not assigned to the federal government.
Step-by-step explanation:
Option 2 is correct: the Constitution grants power to the states by granting them any and all of the powers not assigned to the federal government. This is known as the principle of federalism, which establishes a division of powers between the federal government and the state governments.
The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution further reinforces this principle by stating that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
This means that the states have significant authority over a range of issues that are not specifically assigned to the federal government, such as education, criminal justice, and public health. States also have the power to regulate commerce within their borders and to tax their own citizens.
The Constitution also establishes a system of checks and balances to ensure that the federal government does not overstep its authority and encroach on the powers of the states. For example, the Commerce Clause of the Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, but it also limits this power by allowing states to regulate commerce within their own borders.