Answer:
Substitutions, insertions, and deletions are types of genetic mutations that can occur in DNA or RNA sequences.
A substitution, also known as a point mutation, is a change in a single nucleotide base pair in the DNA or RNA sequence. There are three types of substitutions: silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. A silent mutation is a substitution that does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein that is produced. A missense mutation is a substitution that does result in a change in the amino acid sequence, potentially affecting the function of the protein. A nonsense mutation is a substitution that creates a premature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein.
An insertion mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide base pairs are added to the DNA or RNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame. This can result in a frameshift mutation, which changes the way the entire sequence is read and can affect the protein produced.
A deletion mutation occurs when one or more nucleotide base pairs are removed from the DNA or RNA sequence, also causing a frameshift mutation. Like an insertion, a deletion can affect the protein produced, depending on where in the sequence it occurs.
In summary, substitutions, insertions, and deletions are all types of genetic mutations that can occur in DNA or RNA sequences. Substitutions involve a change in a single nucleotide base pair, while insertions and deletions involve the addition or removal of one or more base pairs, respectively. Insertions and deletions can result in a frameshift mutation, which changes the reading frame of the sequence and can have significant effects on the protein produced.
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