Question

A concept map for four types of intermolecular forces and a certain type of bond is shown.

An ellipse is shown. Inside the ellipse is written Are ions present. An arrow from the right side of the ellipse has Yes written on it and points to another ellipse. This ellipse has Are polar molecules present written inside it. This ellipse has two arrows coming out of it. One arrow has Yes written on it and leads to a rectangular box that has D written inside it. The second arrow has No written on it and leads to a rectangular box that has E written inside it. An arrow from the left of the topmost ellipse has No written on it and leads to an ellipse that has Are molecules with permanent dipoles present Written on it. An arrow that has No written on it, points from this ellipse towards a rectangle that has A written inside it. An arrow that has Yes written on it, points from this ellipse towards another ellipse that has Is H atom bonded to F, O, or N atom Written on it. This ellipse also has two arrows coming from it. The arrow with Yes written on it leads to a rectangle that has C written on it and the arrow that has No written on it leads to a rectangle that has B written inside it.

Which of the following correctly identifies the intermolecular force represented by D and compares its strength relative to the intermolecular force represented by C?

D represents ion-dipole forces, which are weaker than the force represented by C.
D represents hydrogen bonding, which is weaker than the force represented by C.
D represents ion-dipole forces, which are stronger than the force represented by C.
D represents hydrogen bonding, which is stronger than the force represented by C.

Answer 1

The concept map describes the different types of intermolecular forces and their relationships with each other.

Starting from the top ellipse, if ions are present, then we move to the next ellipse where we ask if polar molecules are present. If polar molecules are present, we then ask if the molecules have permanent dipoles. If they do not have permanent dipoles, then we identify the intermolecular force as London dispersion forces (represented by A). If they do have permanent dipoles, then we ask if there is a hydrogen bond present. If a hydrogen bond is present, we identify the intermolecular force as hydrogen bonding (represented by C). If there is no hydrogen bond present, we identify the intermolecular force as dipole-dipole forces (represented by B) or ion-dipole forces (represented by D), depending on whether ions are present or not.

Therefore, D represents ion-dipole forces, which are stronger than the force represented by C.

In general, ion-dipole forces are stronger than hydrogen bonding because ions have much stronger charges than polar molecules.

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