Answer:
c) Imperialism
Imperialism is a policy or practice by which a country seeks to extend its power and control over other countries or territories through diplomacy or military force. Both Japan and Italy practiced imperialism during the 20th century, seeking to expand their territories and gain control over other countries. This often involved using military force to conquer and occupy other lands, as well as exploiting the resources and people of those lands for their own benefit.
Japan's imperialism began in the late 19th century with its modernization and industrialization efforts. It sought to establish itself as a major world power by expanding its territory through conquest and colonization. Japan's aggressive expansionism led to conflicts with other nations, such as the Russo-Japanese War and its invasion of China and Southeast Asia during World War II.
Italy's imperialism began in the early 20th century under the rule of Benito Mussolini. He sought to revive the glory of the Roman Empire by conquering and colonizing other lands. Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935 and attempted to conquer other African nations, but its efforts were ultimately thwarted by Allied forces during World War II.
Both Japan and Italy's imperialistic ambitions ultimately led to their defeat in World War II and the loss of their overseas territories. Imperialism has since become a controversial topic, with many nations condemning it as a form of exploitation and oppression of other nations and peoples.