Final answer:
India and China are the two countries that had control or influence over Nepal and Bhutan. They contributed to shaping the political and economic directions of the two Himalayan nations. Bhutan limits tourism to protect its environment and culture, while Nepal faces environmental challenges due to high population growth.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two countries that had a historical influence over Nepal and Bhutan are India and China. These neighboring giants have played significant roles in shaping the political and economic landscapes of both Nepal and Bhutan. India has been particularly influential due to its geographical proximity and cultural ties. It has been a significant trading partner and has had considerable influence on Nepal's economy, which is based on agriculture and tourism. Bhutan has also maintained a unique relationship with India, relying on it for developmental assistance and as a trade partner, while simultaneously balancing China's interests in the region.
Environmental degradation in Nepal has been exacerbated by high population growth, which leads to the stripping of land and deforestation, causing soil erosion. Bhutan, in contrast, has implemented strict tourism policies to protect its environment and culture. These policies reflect Bhutan's commitment to its development philosophy which emphasizes the balance between economic growth and preserving its cultural identity and natural environment.