Final answer:
The Janissaries were an elite, loyal military group in the Ottoman army who were born out of the devşirm system, whereas the Ulema were influential Islamic scholars with governmental roles. Janissaries gained power to the point of challenging the Sultan, which led to their disbandment in 1826. Both groups played critical roles in the empire's military and governmental structure.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Janissaries were an elite military group that formed the backbone of the Ottoman army, known for their loyalty and military prowess. Derived from the practice of devşirm or "gathering", young Christian boys from the Balkans and other areas were abducted, converted to Islam, and underwent rigorous training to become Janissaries, serving the Sultan with utmost loyalty. They were recognized for their effectiveness in battle, distinct uniforms, and unique military music known as mehterân. This practice of creating a loyal fighting force was complemented by a parallel system that created a class of administrators, loyal only to the Sultan, known as the Ulema, who were key to the bureaucratic and scholarly aspects of the empire.
Over time, the Janissaries gained significant influence and became a powerful political force within the Ottoman Empire, eventually challenging the Sultan's authority. This came to a head in 1826 when the Sultan attempted to disband the Janissaries, leading to a bloody confrontation. Their once-prohibited practices, such as marrying and owning property, had been allowed, which contributed to their growing power and necessitated their eventual disbandment.
The Ulema, or Islamic scholars, played a different but equally important role in Muslim societies, particularly in the Il-Khanate where they were entrusted with governmental duties due to the ruling class focusing on defense. The Ulema reinforced traditional Islamic law and custom within the empire, providing stability and religious guidance.