Final answer:
In 1814, during the War of 1812, British forces attacked Washington, D.C., led by Major General Robert Ross, burning the Capitol and the White House. The British military strategy spared personal property, a decision that led to debates back in England. The event strengthened American national pride and identity despite the destruction caused.
Step-by-step explanation:
In 1814, America and England were at war again, which is known as the War of 1812. Two years into the conflict, in 1814, the British directed their military forces toward the American capital. They executed a precise attack with the intent of overtaking and burning key governmental structures in Washington D.C.
Major General Robert Ross led the British forces in an assault focused solely on public buildings such as the Capitol and the White House. This tactical decision to avoid harming personal property drew mixed reactions in England itself. First Lady Dolly Madison was noted for her role during the British advance, as she made sure to have key valuables removed from the White House to prevent their destruction.
The burning of the Capitol and White House led to substantial destruction, particularly the gutting of their interiors while their sandstone exteriors somewhat withstood the fires. A significant cultural loss was the Library of Congress, then housed in the Capitol, which contained numerous books including Thomas Jefferson's personal collection.
These events occurred in the broader context of the War of 1812, which is sometimes referred to as America's 'Second War of Independence.' Despite the British efforts, the war ended without changing the borders of the United States, and instilled a stronger sense of national identity and pride among Americans.