Final answer:
The country associated with the Balkan Peninsula and the Balkan Range encompasses several nations. Chief among them are Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and parts of Serbia and Montenegro. The term 'Balkanization' reflects the regional fragmentation into diverse national identities.
Step-by-step explanation:
The country that was part of the former Yugoslavia and is named after the Balkan Peninsula, which in turn is named after the Balkan Range in Serbia and Montenegro, includes several nations. Among them are Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia (officially called the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia due to a name conflict with Greece), Montenegro, and portions of Croatia and Serbia. It's noteworthy that Albania is an independent country that was never part of Yugoslavia. The independent nations of the Balkans notably fell into conflict and wars in 1912-1913 and experienced significant turmoil during the 1990s after the Cold War.
The Balkan Peninsula's tumultuous history highlights its patchwork of national identities based on religious, linguistic, and ethnic diversity; this legacy is largely due to its mountainous terrain and history of repeated, but incomplete invasions. This complexity has led to the term 'Balkanization' to describe the fragmentation of a region into multiple, often hostile, micro-national states. With varying landscapes ranging from the Black Sea coast to the high Balkan Mountains, the region is endowed with resources like ore and minerals, contributing to its economic activities.