Final answer:
Having the leader present their argument first is not an effective tactic to avoid groupthink. Encouraging counterarguments, time for discussion, and small group discussions are beneficial in preventing groupthink.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tactic that is NOT effective in avoiding groupthink is having the leader present their argument first. Such an action could actually reinforce groupthink by signaling to group members what the leader believes is the right decision, inadvertently pressuring them to conform to that viewpoint. On the contrary, effective tactics for avoiding groupthink include assigning a person to present counterarguments, allowing time to discuss doubts before implementing a decision, and breaking up into small groups for a thorough discussion. It's important that group members feel they can voice their opinions without fear of repercussions and consider all aspects of a decision, including potential objections and alternative viewpoints.