Final answer:
Semantic encoding, which involves processing the meaning of verbal information, creates stronger memories compared to shallower visual or acoustic encoding. This type of encoding is more effective due to the self-reference effect and the engagement with the meaning of the information.
Step-by-step explanation:
Regarding the question of which statement about levels of processing is correct, it is clear from the research of psychologists like Craik and Tulving that semantic encoding, which involves deep processing of the meaning of words, results in better memory performance. This is compared with shallow processing, such as focusing on the physical aspects of a word like its length or font for visual encoding, or the sound for acoustic encoding.
Semantic encoding benefits from the self-reference effect, where information related personally to an individual is better remembered. Visual encoding of high-imagery words can also be effective, as these words are encoded both visually and semantically, thus creating a stronger memory trace. However, for verbal information, semantic encoding is particularly powerful because it engages with the meaning of the information, making it more memorable.
Studies on levels of processing have shown that the depth of processing impacts how well information is remembered, with deeper processing leading to better retention. Therefore, the incorrect options can be refuted based on the fact that deep level processing of semantic information is what leads to enhanced memory performance, not the encoding of physical properties or simply recording information 'word for word'. The latter approach does not involve the deep, meaningful processing that is required for durable and retrievable memories.