Final answer:
Contingent-work, contingent-exercise, positive practice, and restitution are all examples of positive punishment in operant conditioning, which involves adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a certain behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of operant conditioning, contingent-work, contingent-exercise, positive practice, and restitution can all be forms of positive punishment. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus after a behavior, with the intention of decreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. For example, having a child write 'I will not hit my brother' as a consequence of hitting is a form of positive punishment because it adds the task of writing as a result of the negative behavior.
Negative punishment, on the other hand, involves the removal of a pleasant stimulus to reduce the occurrence of a behavior. An instance of negative punishment is when a parent takes away a child's favorite toy due to misbehavior. The removal of the toy is meant to decrease the future incidents of that behavior.
It's significant to understand that both positive and negative punishment aim to reduce the occurrence of a behavior, with the distinction lying in whether something is added or removed as a consequence of the behavior.