Final answer:
Society is held together by shared values, norms, and institutions, with a notable emphasis on Durkheim's concept of mechanical solidarity and the role of governments in establishing order. The family structure also plays a pivotal role in societal cohesion.
Step-by-step explanation:
What holds a society together? This complex question has been explored by various fields, including sociology, anthropology, and political science. The cohesion of a society is commonly attributed to a combination of elements including shared values, norms, and institutions that provide stability and a sense of community among its members.
Shared Values and Norms
Émile Durkheim, a prominent sociologist, introduced the concept of mechanical solidarity, particularly prevalent in preindustrial societies, where shared lifestyles and work lead to a collective conscience. Durkheim believed stability arose from the community's shared values, languages, and symbols. The adherence to these common values and the consensual performance of social rituals and customs create a strong social fabric that binds people together.
Institutions and Governance
In larger societies, the rise of institutions such as governments and legal systems play a crucial role in maintaining order. They provide a framework for cooperation, conflict resolution, and protection of community members, as eloquently stated by the political theorist James Madison: "If men were angels, governments would not be necessary." The exchange of protection for allegiance, as seen between subjects and officials in historical civilizations, helps maintain stability and social hierarchy.
Community and Familial Structures
Central to many societies are the roles of marriage and family, which instill values and norms from a young age. The expectations and benefits societies afford to these institutions can reinforce their importance in maintaining social cohesion. However, as norms evolve, questions arise about how these structures may adapt to reflect changes in societal values.
Overall, understanding how social order and stability are maintained is key to comprehending the dynamics of any society.