Final answer:
Subculture theory is the 'kinds of people' theory, focusing on unique cultural patterns that differentiate a group from mainstream culture.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options provided, d. subculture theory is a "kinds of people" theory. This theory pertains to a segment of society that shares a distinct set of beliefs, values, or norms that differentiates them from the mainstream culture. Unlike social disorganization theory and anomie theory, which focus on the structural and functional aspects of communities and societal norms respectively, subculture theory zooms in on the unique cultural patterns of particular groups. It emphasizes the diversity of norms and values among different social groups, rather than a presumption of societal homogeneity. Conflict theory and biological theories, on the other hand, attribute behaviors to social and economic conflicts and biological factors, respectively, rather than shared cultural patterns.