Final answer:
A bureaucracy is typically present in a chiefdom, which is a form of social organization with centralized leadership necessary for managing complex governmental functions and policies.
Step-by-step explanation:
A bureaucracy is typically present in a form of social organization that features centralized leadership and formal institutions. Given that bands and tribes are described by Elman Service as acephalous societies, meaning they lack hierarchical structures of authority that are inherent in a bureaucracy, and chiefdoms typically have a more centralized leadership structure, it is within chiefdoms or states (also known as civilizations with complex governments) where we start to see the true emergence of bureaucratic structures. Therefore, the answer is C. Chiefdom.
Bureaucracies are necessary for carrying out governmental functions and policies, involving a hierarchy of authority, division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. While sometimes criticized for being slow or impersonal, they are fundamental in managing the complex operations of modern governments and can also be found in the private and nonprofit sectors, evidencing their ubiquity in formal organizations.