Final answer:
The four main modes of subsistence are gathering-hunting, pastoralism, plant cultivation, and industrialism/post-industrialism. Each mode has its own specific strategies for obtaining resources.
Step-by-step explanation:
The four main modes of subsistence are gathering-hunting, pastoralism, plant cultivation, and industrialism/post-industrialism. Gathering-hunting involves collecting wild plants and hunting animals, while pastoralism revolves around raising livestock. Plant cultivation involves growing crops, and industrialism/post-industrialism refers to the reliance on advanced technology and industrial production. Each mode of subsistence has its distinct strategies for producing, exchanging, and consuming resources.