Final answer:
Neanderthals were archaic humans who lived from 400,000 to 30,000 years ago and had features distinct from modern humans, with advanced tool usage and evidence of cultural practices.
Step-by-step explanation:
Neanderthals, known scientifically as Homo neanderthalensis, were an extinct species of archaic humans that lived throughout Europe and parts of western Asia between about 400,000 and 30,000 years ago. Discovered initially in the Neander Valley, these hominins were notably different from modern humans in physical stature—being stockier and barrel-chested—and in the creation of advanced tools, such as those from the Mousterian tool industry. Neanderthals had large brains, often larger than the modern human average, demonstrating considerable intelligence and capability.
They were well-adapted to their environment, managing to survive during the harsh conditions of the Würm glaciation and were adept hunters and users of fire. In addition to their survival skills, evidence suggests Neanderthals may have had cultural practices, including the decoration of their bodies with paints and the potential for symbolic expression.
The relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) was complex, with evidence of interbreeding suggesting that, despite physical differences, the two groups could and did exchange genetic material. This branch of human ancestry has captured the imagination of many, as we seek to understand their lives and roles in the story of human evolution.