Final answer:
The correct answer is option C) The Babylonian Captivity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The event that might have led the Israelite exiles to wonder whether Marduk had defeated Yahweh is C) The Babylonian Captivity. During this period, the Babylonians conquered Judah in 586 BCE, destroyed Solomon's Temple, and forced tens of thousands of Jews into exile. This catastrophic event could have caused the Israelites to question the power of their god, Yahweh, in the face of the seemingly superior might of Marduk, the chief god of the Babylonians.
The exile also led to important religious reforms and growth of the belief that Yahweh was not bound to a specific location, but was omnipresent and available to his followers wherever they might be. It was during this time that a large portion of the Hebrew Bible was edited and assembled, further shaping the core of the Jewish faith.