Final answer:
The surgical treatment of esophageal varices is considered when other less invasive options fail, with procedures like sclerotherapy and endovenous thermal ablation as non-surgical methods, and vein stripping or ambulatory phlebectomy as surgical alternatives. For severe arterial blockages, surgeries like angioplasty and coronary bypass may be performed. Vascular surgeons with specialized training carry out these procedures.
Step-by-step explanation:
The surgical treatment of esophageal varices refractory to other treatments is a medical intervention considered when less conservative or non-surgical options have failed to provide relief. In cases where varicose veins are less serious, treatment might include lifestyle changes such as avoiding prolonged standing or sitting, leg elevation, and wearing compression stockings. When these conservative measures are insufficient, physicians may consider non-surgical options like sclerotherapy or endovenous thermal ablation. In the most serious situations, various surgeries can be performed, ranging from invasive procedures like vein stripping under general anesthesia to less invasive ones like ambulatory phlebectomy under local anesthesia.
For cardiovascular issues with blocked arteries, lifestyle modifications and medications are the first line of treatment. However, surgical interventions become necessary in certain cases. Procedures like angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, stent placement, endarterectomy, and the utilization of grafts are potential surgical treatments to manage severe arterial blockages.
Vascular surgeons are specialized physicians who deal with diseases of the vascular system and may perform these surgeries after extensive training. These specialists may employ both traditional surgeries and minimally invasive procedures to treat various vascular conditions.