Final answer:
The Fayum Depression is located in Egypt, southwest of Cairo, and has been significant in the country's history, particularly during the Middle Kingdom period.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Fayum Depression, also known as the Fayum Oasis, is a significant geographical feature located in Egypt. This area has had a deep impact on Egyptian history due to its role in agriculture, which is the basis for early settlements, and for its use as a site for royal projects during the Middle Kingdom period. The Fayum is situated to the southwest of Cairo and was the site chosen by Twelfth Dynasty rulers for their royal residence and mortuary complexes, although none of the pyramids built in this area have survived in good condition.
The region is associated with the Fayum mummy portraits, which are encaustic-on-wood panel paintings that were placed over mummified bodies. These portraits are an example of the cross-cultural influences present in Egypt during its history, illustrating elements of Egyptian and Roman styles. The importance of the Nile River to Egypt's development is evident in this region, as The Fayum Depression was once nourished by canals connected to the river and played a vital role in the nation's agricultural production.