Final answer:
Mutations, which are changes in DNA, fall into two main categories: germline and somatic. They are a key factor in biological diversity and evolution, with effects that can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful, depending on whether they enhance survival and reproduction.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mutations and Their Categories:
Mutations are changes to an organism's DNA and play a crucial role in the diversity and evolution of species. There are two broad categories of mutations: germline mutations and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in sex cells (eggs and sperm) and are passed on to offspring, affecting every cell in their bodies. On the other hand, somatic mutations occur in non-sex cells and cannot be inherited by the next generation.
Are Mutations Always Harmful?
While mutations can lead to various outcomes, they are not always harmful. Some can be beneficial, driving the evolutionary process, while others may have no impact at all. Harmful mutations can result in diseases or maladaptations, but beneficial mutations can improve an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. Neutral mutations persist in the gene pool, unaffected by natural selection. Overall, mutations contribute new genetic material to a species, serving as a vital source of genetic variation.