Final answer:
The reasoning that involves moving from a general statement to a specific conclusion is called deductive reasoning, which contrasts with inductive reasoning that moves from specific observations to broad generalizations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of reasoning from a general statement or principle to arrive at a specific conclusion is called deductive reasoning. In the context of hypothesis-based science, deductive reasoning allows scientists to make predictions based on established general principles. For instance, from the general principle that a warming climate affects ecosystems, researchers can deduce and predict that the distribution of plants and animals in a specific region will change. In contrast, inductive reasoning involves moving from specific observations to broader generalizations. For example, by observing that the distribution of flora and fauna has changed over time, scientists may conclude that the climate in that region is warming. Both deductive and inductive reasoning are essential for the advancement of scientific knowledge, and they often work in tandem.