Final answer:
The Assyrians innovated in military technology by mass-producing iron weapons and establishing a permanent cavalry and large standing army. They also revolutionized art by transitioning from brick to stone construction and developing a distinct style with bas reliefs. These advancements allowed them a period of dominance in the ancient world.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Assyrian Empire's Contributions to Military Development and Art
The Assyrian Empire was renowned for its military might and distinct contributions to the evolution of warfare and art. The Assyrians were the first major kingdom to manufacture iron weapons in large numbers, a significant advancement from the earlier bronze weapons that other civilizations used. Furthermore, they developed a sophisticated messenger service, allowing for efficient communication across their vast empire through horseback messengers and a network of waystations.
In the domain of arts, Assyrian craftsmen were pioneers in switching from sun-baked bricks to more resilient stone and masonry. Their preference for colored stone and bas reliefs over paint marked a departure from the artistic traditions of previous civilizations such as Sumer and Akkad. The art from the reigns of rulers like Ashurnasirpal II, Sargon II, and Ashurbanipal showcases a progression from simple and vibrant designs to more naturalistic and restrained works.
A shift to military innovation saw the Assyrians creating a permanent cavalry—the first in the world—and establishing a large standing army of trained infantry. The introduction of horse archery and effective utilization of war horses significantly enhanced their military capabilities. The military technology and organization that the Assyrians innovated, including their effective taxation and bureaucracy to sustain their forces, led them to dominate their neighbors for centuries.1