Final answer:
The patriarch during the Time of Troubles was Filaret. He was the father of Michael Romanov and became Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, co-ruling the country with his son.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Time of Troubles in Russian history refers to the period of political crisis and interregnum between 1598 and 1613, which followed the end of the Rurik Dynasty and preceded the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty. During this tumultuous time, the Russian Orthodox Church had a significant role, and the patriarch, as the spiritual leader, wielded considerable influence. The correct answer to the question regarding the patriarch during the Time of Troubles is Filaret (b).
Filaret was the father of Michael Romanov, who became the first Tsar of the Romanov dynasty after being elected in 1613. Filaret himself was elected as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia and essentially co-ruled the country with his son, becoming a central figure during the latter part of the Time of Troubles. His religious and political contributions during this era were significant in the stabilization and subsequent development of Russian statehood.
It is important to distinguish Filaret from other notable Russian figures mentioned in historical records that may be confused with leaders from this period, such as Dimitry or Mikhail, who also played roles in Russian leadership but in different contexts.