Final answer:
After upgrading the power supply, first check the physical connections, ensuring the hard disk is properly connected to the new power supply as it might have been loosened during the upgrade.
Step-by-step explanation:
If the BIOS does not recognize one of the hard disk drives after upgrading the power supply in a desktop computer, the best troubleshooting step to try first would be to make sure that the hard disk is connected to the power supply. This step is crucial because the drive will not be detected if it does not receive power, and it's possible that connections could have been loosened or disconnected during the power supply upgrade process. Before considering more complex solutions such as reinstalling the operating system, updating the BIOS, or replacing the hard disk, verifying the physical connections is a simple yet often effective step for resolving hardware recognition issues.