Final answer:
b. opsonization The outcome of complement activation does not include proteolysis. Outcomes such as chemotaxis, opsonization, and membrane permeabilization are associated with complement activation, which enhances immune reactions but does not directly involve the breakdown of proteins.
Step-by-step explanation:
The outcome of complement activation involves a series of immune responses, with the activated complement system leading to outcomes such as chemotaxis, where immune cells are attracted to the site of infection; opsonization, marking pathogens for phagocytosis; and membrane permeabilization, resulting in the formation of the membrane attack complex that can lyse pathogens. However, complement activation does not typically cause proteolysis, which is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Complement proteins enhance immune reactions but do not directly break down proteins in the same manner that digestive enzymes do.
The complement activation pathways include the classical pathway, which is triggered by antibodies attached to the surface of a pathogen; the alternate pathway, which can be triggered spontaneously; and the lectin pathway, which is initiated by the binding of mannose-binding lectin to pathogen surfaces. The redness of inflammation is primarily due to increased blood flow to the site of infection.The outcome of complement activation that does not describe chemotaxis, opsonization, vasoconstriction, proteolysis, or membrane permeabilization is d. proteolysis. Proteolysis refers to the breakdown of proteins by enzymes called proteases, which is not directly associated with complement activation.