Final answer:
The deviations from classical Freudian psychoanalysis, as seen in the works of neo-Freudians such as Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney, showcase an evolution of Freud's initial framework, incorporating greater importance on social and cultural factors over biological drives in personality development.
Step-by-step explanation:
Theories Deviating from Classical Freudian Psychoanalysis
While the foundational work of Sigmund Freud in psychoanalysis has been significant, contemporary psychology has seen deviations from his classical theories. Freud's followers, known as neo-Freudians, expanded upon his ideas, placing less emphasis on biological drives and more on social and cultural influences on personality development. Influential neo-Freudians like Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, and Karen Horney proposed unique concepts such as the inferiority complex, the collective unconscious and archetypes, stages of psychosocial development, and revised views
Pivotal critiques and alternatives include post-structuralist and feminist critiques—questioning the universal applicability and empirical basis of Freud's ideas, and pointing out the patriarchal underpinnings in his theories. Despite these criticisms, the legacies of both Freud and his successors continue to inform modern psychological discourse, particularly regarding the influence of subconscious and early childhood experiences.