Final answer:
Sal may be liable for intentional infliction of emotional distress for falsely telling Max that his wife had been killed in a car accident. The correct answer is option b.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sal may be liable for intentional infliction of emotional distress for sending Max an e-mail message falsely claiming that Max's wife had been killed in a car accident.
Intentional infliction of emotional distress is a tort that occurs when someone acts in an extreme and outrageous manner, causing severe emotional distress to another person. In this case, Sal intentionally lied about a very serious and traumatic event, causing Max to experience emotional harm.
While libel is the publication of false information that harms a person's reputation, it typically refers to written or printed statements. Battery involves intentional harmful or offensive touching of another person without their consent. Violations of the First Amendment pertain to restrictions on freedom of speech, and this case does not directly involve those issues.