Final answer:
Insult, ridicule, shame, discrimination, and similar injustices are examples of indirect violence, which includes psychological harm and fosters systematic oppression through discriminatory practices. The correct answer is option: b. indirect violence.
Step-by-step explanation:
Insult, ridicule, shame, discrimination, domination, oppression, slavery, apartheid, exclusion, bullying, and other forms of personal, social, economic, and environmental injustice are all examples of b. indirect violence. This form of violence refers to systemic and symbolic forms of harm that are not physical but can cause psychological harm and maintain systematic oppression. Through unequal power dynamics, societal groups enact discriminatory policies and practices, leading to social exclusion and marginalization.
For example, apartheid in South Africa was a legally codified system of racial discrimination and segregation that denied non-white citizens their basic rights, perpetuating economic and social inequality that garnered international condemnation. In contemporary society, this can also be seen in the form of microaggressions, subtle and often unconscious expressions of bias that perpetuate stereotypes and exclusion. These actions reinforce existing power structures and can perpetuate social injustices.