Final answer:
Drive theory posits that frustration is the instinctual precursor that can lead to aggression when someone is blocked from achieving a goal. The correct answer is option: d. frustration.
Step-by-step explanation:
Drive theory suggests that frustration is an instinctual precursor towards feelings of aggression. The theory indicates that when individuals are prevented from achieving an important goal, this blockage can cause frustration which may lead to aggressive behavior. Frustration-aggression theory is one of the main concepts that suggest a connection between being frustrated and the onset of aggressive conduct.
According to Sigmund Freud, who is well-known for his work on psychoanalysis, the ego uses various defense mechanisms to manage internal conflicts and anxiety, which can manifest in different ways but are not directly linked to drive theory when discussing aggression.
Overall, it's essential to understand that frustration can impair the social standing of a person and is considered a psychological drive that may result in aggressive responses.