Hydrochloric acid is more soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding, while ethyl chloride mainly experiences dispersion forces. Glucose is more soluble in water because of dipole-dipoleinteractions, while cyclohexane mainly experiences dispersionforces. Sodium propionate is more soluble in water due to ion-dipoleinteractions, while propionic acid interacts with water through hydrogenbonding and dispersion forces.
Hydrochloric acid is more soluble than ethyl chloride because hydrochloric acid is a strong electrolyte that interacts with water through hydrogen bonding, while ethyl chloride is a molecular compound that mainly experiences dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding is a strong intermolecular force that occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and another electronegative atom. In the case of hydrochloric acid, the hydrogen atom is bonded to a chlorine atom, which makes it capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Ethyl chloride, on the other hand, does not have any hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms, so it cannot form hydrogen bonds with water. Instead, it primarily experiences dispersion forces, which are weaker intermolecular forces caused by temporary fluctuations in electron distribution.
Glucose is more soluble in water than cyclohexane because water is polar and since cyclohexane is nonpolar, it mainly experiences dispersion forces, while glucose is polar and experiences dipole-dipole interactions with water molecules. Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom. Glucose, being a polar molecule itself, can interact with water through dipole-dipole interactions, where the positive and negative ends of the molecules attract each other. Cyclohexane, being a nonpolar molecule, does not have any permanent dipole and thus mainly experiences dispersion forces, which are weaker than dipole-dipole interactions.
Sodium propionate is more soluble than propionic acid because sodium propionate is a solid and experiences increased disorder when dissolved in water. Sodium propionate interacts with water through ion-dipole interactions, as the sodium ion dissociates from the propionate anion and forms attractions with water molecules. Propionic acid, being a liquid, does not have the same degree of disorder upon dissolution and does not interact with water through ion-dipole interactions. Instead, it interacts through hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces, both of which are strong intermolecular forces. However, the presence of ion-dipole interactions in sodium propionate enhances its solubility in water compared to propionic acid.