Final answer:
The Mongol invasions had significant impacts on China, Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia, affecting political structures, trading systems, and religious practices. While some scholars attribute economic and cultural stagnation to the Mongols, others emphasize their role in facilitating trade and protecting routes during the 'Pax Mongolica' period.
Step-by-step explanation:
Impact of the Mongol Invasions
When considering where the Mongol invasions had the most lasting impact, regions such as China, Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia are paramount. In these regions, the invasions led to significant changes in political structures, culture, trade, and religion.
In China, the Mongols ended the Song dynasty, which has led some scholars to argue that they interrupted a path towards an industrial revolution. Conversely, the Mongol rule did facilitate trade and the exchange of ideas during what is known as the Pax Mongolica, enhancing commercial and cultural exchanges across Eurasia.
Similarly, in Russia, the influence of the Golden Horde is blamed by some for Russia's delayed modernization compared to Western Europe. In the Middle East, the fall of Baghdad is seen as the end of the Arab Golden Age. However, the Mongols also helped in solidifying Islam in Central Asia, particularly under the Chagatai Khanate where Islamic law became prevalent. The lasting impact of the Mongols is complex, with both negative and positive outcomes recognized by historians.