Final answer:
The ethical safeguards besides countercontrol that can be put in place include Confidentiality and Informed Consent, which protect personal information and respect participant autonomy. Further safeguards are guided by principles such as beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) also help ensure adherence to strict ethical guidelines in research.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to ethical safeguards in human research beyond countercontrol. Among the options presented, a. Confidentiality and Informed Consent are crucial ethical safeguards that can be put in place to protect participants in research studies. Confidentiality ensures that personal information is kept private, which is essential for building trust and ensuring safety. Informed consent requires that participants are fully informed about the study and voluntarily agree to participate, respecting their autonomy and right to make decisions regarding their participation.
Other ethical principles that guide researcher-participant relationships include beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. They ensure participants' welfare is prioritized, prevent harm to participants, and maintain fairness in the research process. Strict guidelines and the establishment of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) also support these safeguards to ensure all research complies with ethical standards, particularly when it comes to trials involving historically marginalized communities.
Answer: a. Confidentiality and Informed Consent